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Adhesive: Substance capable of adhering one surface to another.
For fiberboard boxes, the substance used to hold plies of solid
fiberboard together, to hold linerboard to the tips of flutes of
corrugated medium, or to hold overlapping flaps together to form
the joint or to close a box.
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Adhesive Bonding/Pin Adhesion: The quality of the bond between
the liners and corrugated medium is tested by measuring the force
required to separate the facings from the flute tips. Many of the
small flute types cannot be tested for pin adhesion. The comblike
attachment that fits into the individual flutes, and is necessary
for performing this test, cannot be commercially produced efficiently,
considering the variety of flute profiles and the amount of stress
the very small pins must withstand.
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Air Resistance/Porosity: Measures the amount of time required
to allow a given amount of air to pass through a containerboard
specimen of given dimensions under specified pressure. Porosity
does not affect the capability of corrugated fiberboard to be run
satisfactorily on packaging machinery using vacuum equipment, as
previously thought.
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Anilox System: Inking system used in flexographic presses.
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Banded Unit: A package or unitized/palletized load that has
a band or bands (usually plastic) applied to it.
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Bar Code: An identification symbol. Alpha or alphanumeric information
is encoded in a sequence of highcontrast, rectangular bars and blank
spaces. The relative widths of these bars and spaces and their sequence
differentiate the individual characters that make up the encoded
information. Bar codes are "read" by electronic scanners.
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Basis Weight/Grammage: The measurement of mass per unit area
is expressed in pounds per thousand square feet (lbs/1000 ft.2 or
lbs./msf or grams per square meter (g/m2). When using certain specifications
in the carrier classifications, the combined basis weights of the
facings or the combined basis weights of all plies of solid fiberboard,
must be certified. Basis weight is an attribute of containerboard,
but the values may be determined from the combined corrugated board.
When determining the basis weight from combined board, the take-up
factor of the corrugated medium, which varies with flute size, and
the weight of the adhesive must be considered.
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Bending: In the expression "proper bending qualities"
the ability of containerboard or combined board to be folded along
scorelines without rupture of the surface fibers to the point of
seriously weakening the structure.
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Bending Resistance/ Flexural Stiffness: Corrugated board's
ability to resist bending, along with its edge crush resistance,
relates to the top tobottom compression strength and general performance
of corrugated containers.
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Blank or Box Blank: A flat sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard
that has been cut, slotted and scored so that, when folded along
the scorelines and joined, it will take the form of a box.
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Bleed: To run, dilute or migrate colors into unwanted areas
connected to printed areas. To print an area beyond the cut edge
or score so that the design is cut off or folded under.
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Board: Abbreviation for various paperboards. (See also: Boxboard,
Chipboard, Combined Board, Containerboard, Corrugated Board, Fiberboard,
Linerboard and Paperboard).
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Box: A rigid container having closed faces and completely
enclosing its contents. (See also: Fiberboard Box).
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Box Manufacturer: An establishment that has equipment to
score, slot, print and join corrugated or solid fiberboard sheets
into boxes, and that regularly uses that equipment in the production
of fiberboard boxes in commercial quantities.
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Box Manufacturer's Certificate (BMC): A statement printed
within a circular or rectangular border on a corrugated or solid
fiberboard box guaranteeing that all applicable construction requirements
of the carrier classifications have been observed and identifying
the box manufacturer.
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Box Style: Distinctive configuration of a box design, without
regard to size. A name or num her identifies styles in common use.
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Boxboard: The types of paperboard used to manufacture folding
cartons and set up (rigid) boxes.
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Brightness: Comparative. quantified values for the aesthetic
characteristic of brightness of the linerboard, typically measured
by a 457 nanometer (nm) light source, may be important in certain
applications. Variations across a sheet may cause variations in
the colors of printed graphics, in the overall appearance and consumer
appeal of the package. Brightness is related to, but different from,
reflectance.
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Builtup: Multiple layers of corrugated board glued together
to form a pad of desired thickness, normally used for interior packing.
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Bulk: Goods or cargo not in packages, boxes, bags or other
containers; or goods unpackaged (loose) within a shipping container.
Also, a large box used to contain a\70lume of product', e.g., "bulk
box." (See also: Loose).
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Bundle: A shipping unit of two or more articles or boxes
wrapped or fastened together by suitable means.
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Burst Strength/ Mullen: The force required to rupture linerboard
or combined board, using hydraulic pressure measured by a mullen
tester, relates indirectly, to the box's ability to withstand external
or internal forces, and to contain the contents during rough handling.
This method cannot be used on triple wall combined board and is
of limited reliability, on double wall, as it is difficult to force
the apparatus through the multiple facings simultaneously. When
using certain specifications in the carrier classifications, minimum
burst strength must be certified.
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Calender Stack: A set or group of horizontal rollers at the
end of the paper machine in which sheet material passes through
under controlled conditions to control material thickness and increase
smoothness.
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Caliper: The thickness (caliper) of the board affects flexural
stiffness (bending resistance), which in turn affects box compression
strength. Caliper multiplied by a constant is an approximate substitution
for flexural stiffness in the modified and short form of the compression
strength formulas. Caliper measurements before and after box manufacturingindicating
any loss of caliperare also used as an indirect measure of manufacturing
quality. Caliper of a material is usually expressed in thousandths
of an inch (mils) or sometimes referred to as "points".
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Carton (Folding Carton): A folding box made from boxboard,
used for consumer quantities of product. A carton is not recognized
as a shipping container.
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Case: A box or receptacle, or a filled box. As used by the
packaging machinery industry, a corrugated or solid fiberboard box.
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Certificate, Box Manufacturer's: (See: Box Manufacturer's
Certificate).
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Chipboard: A paperboard generally made from recycled paper
stock. Uses include backing sheets for padded writing paper, partitions
within boxes and the center ply or plies of solid fiberboard.
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Classification, Freight: The rules and regulations governing
the acceptance of freight in transportation, contained in publications
issued by the truck (motor freight) and rail common carriers. The
rules describe acceptable forms of packaging for each commodity
and specify, the minimum requirements for shipping containers. Failure
to comply with the rules can result in refusal to carry the freight,
penalty increases in freight charges and/or denial of claims For
damage.
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Coefficient of Friction: (see Slide Resistance).
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Coldsetting Adhesive: Adhesive that sets below 86 F, or commonly
at room temperature.Combined Board: A fabricated sheet assembled
from several components, such as corrugated or solid fiberboard.
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Compression Strength: Compression strength is a corrugated
box's resistance to uniformly applied external forces. Toptobottom
compression strength is related to the load a container may encounter
when stacked. Endtoend or sidetoside compression may also be of
interest for particular applications. While the finished box can
be tested, certain tests of containerboard (ring crush and short
span compression) and combined board (edge crush and flexural stiffness)
can be used to predict the compression strength of the finished
box.
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Concora Flute Crush (CFCO)/Fluted Edge Crush Resistance:
The edgewise compression performance of fluted medium determines
the contribution of the medium to the compression strength of the
completed container.
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Conditioning: placing paper or packaging material under controlled
conditions in order to reach a specific moisture level and temperature.
Regulating the moisture content and temperature of packaging materials
in preparation for testing.
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Container: A receptacle used to contain or hold goods. In
shipping, usually the outer protection used to package goods.
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Containerboard: The paperboard components (linerboard, corrugating
material and chipboard) used to manufacture corrugated and solid
fiberboard. The raw materials used to make containerboard may be
virgin cellulose fiber, recycled fiber or a combination of both.
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Corrugated Board or Corrugated Fiberboard: The structure
formed by gluing one or more sheets of fluted corrugating medium
to one or more flat facings of linerboard.
There are four common types:
Single Face: Combination of one fluted corrugating medium glued
to one flat facing of linerboard.
Single Wall - Two flat facings
of linerboard, one glued to each side of a corrugated medium.
Also known as Double Face.
Double Wall - Three flat facings
of linerboard, one glued to each side of two corrugated mediums.
Triple Wall - Four flat facings
of linerboard, one glued to each side of three corrugated mediums.
Corrugating/Corrugated Medium
- The type of paperboard used in forming the fluted portion of
corrugated board.
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Corrugation: (See: Flute).
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Corrugator: The machine that unwinds two or more continuous
sheets of containerboard from rolls, presses flutes into the sheet(s)
of corrugating medium, applies adhesive to the tips of the flutes
and affixes the sheet(s) of linerboard to form corrugated board.
The continuous sheet of board may be slit to desired widths, cut
off to desired lengths and scored in one direction.
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Crush Resistance/Compression Strength: The force necessary
to crush a small onedge sample of containerboard may be used to
predict the edge crush resistance (ECT value) of the combined board
and the compression strength of the completed container. The industry
recognizes two measuring techniques. Ring Crush values are most
accurate for containerboard with basis weights between 42 and 69
lbs./msf. Short Span Compression test values are most accurate for
containerboard with basis weights above 20 lbs./msf. The Short Span
Compression test is commonly called STFI, the acronym (in Swedish)
for the Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute that developed
the testing apparatus.
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Design Style: A style of fiberboard trays or caps having
flaps scored, folded and secured at flange side walls forming the
depth, as opposed to a slotted style having a set of major and minor
closing flaps.
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Die Cut: The act of cutting raw material (such as combined
board) to a desired shape (such as a box blank) by using a die.
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Dimensions: The three measurements of a box, given in the
sequence of length, width and depth. Inside dimensions are used
to ensure proper fit around a product. Outside dimensions are used
in the carrier classifications and in determining pallet patterns.
Length - The larger of the two
dimensions of the open face of a box as it is set up to receive
product (after
closing the joint).
Width - The smaller of the two
dimensions of the open face.
Depth - The distance measured
perpendicular to the length and width.
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Drop Damage Resistance: A shipping container's ability to
protect its contents is evaluated by staging a series of freefall
drops, and then examining the condition of the container and contents.
For heavier packages, see Incline Impact Damage Resistance.
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Edge Crush Resistance/Short Column Compression (ECT): The
amount of force needed to crush onedge combined board is a primary
factor in predicting the compression strength of the completed box.
When using certain specifications in the carrier classifications,
minimum edge crush values must be certified.
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Facings: Sheets of linerboard used as the flat outer members
of combined corrugated board. Sometimes called inside and outside
liners.
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Fiber: Threadlike units of vegetable growth obtained from
fibrous plants (cotton, jute) or trees (pulp wood).
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Fiberboard: A general term describing combined paperboard
(corrugated or solid) used to manufacture containers. (See also:
Combined Board).
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Fiberboard Box or Fiber Box: A shipping container made of
corrugated or solid fiberboard.
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Finish, Dry: A relatively rough finish (surface) resulting
when paperboard is not dampened prior to its final manufacturing
process. Most domestic linerboard is dry finish.
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Finish, Starch: A relatively smooth finish (surface) paperboard
obtained by applying starch material on one or both sides prior
to passing through the calendar stack section of the paper machine.
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Finish, Water: A relatively smooth and glossy finish (surface)
obtained on paperboard by applying water on one or both sides prior
to the final manufacturing process. Not generally used in the United
States today.
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Fire Resistance: Some circumstances, generally determined
by the product to be packaged or its warehousing, require that the
outer packaging be fire resistant. This requires special treatment
of the container or its components. The effectiveness of the treatment
can be tested.
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Flaps: Extensions of the side walls that close a box.
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Flat Crush Resistance: The flutes' resistance to crushing
is evaluated. Low values indicate low-strength medium, leaning or
crushed flutes, or other defects that may affect box performance.
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Flat Crush Resistance/Concora Medium Test (CMT): The crush
resistance of a sample of laboratoryfluted corrugating medium can
be used to estimate the flat crush resistance of combined corrugated
board. This characteristic also provides a basis for fabrication
quality when compared to flat crush values of the combined board.
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Flexography or Flexo: A type of rotary letterpress printing
using flexible plates and fastdrying, waterbased inks.
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Flute or Corrugation: The wave shapes pressed into corrugated
medium. A, B, C, E and F are common flute types, along with a variety
of much larger flutes and smaller flutes.
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Flute (or Corrugation) Direction: The normal direction of
flutes is parallel to the depth of the box, so that they are vertical
when the box is stacked for shipment. in endopening and wraparound
box styles, the flute direction may be parallel to the length and
width, resulting in a "horizontal corrugation box".
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Fourcolor Process/Process Printing: Fullcolor images are
created by four halftone plates, using the four subtractive primary
colors: cyan, yellow, magenta and black.
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Freight Classifications: (See: Classification, Freight).
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Glue: In the carrier classifications, a synonym for adhesive.
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Glued (Firmly): Adherence of one surface to another with
sufficient bonding that an attempt to separate the joined areas
will result in mutilation of surface fibers.
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Hardness/Roll Uniformity: The variation of hardness across
a roll of containerboard or from roll to roll, can be evaluated
to ensure uniformity.
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Hotmelt Adhesive: Polymer adhesive, solid at room temperature,
which is liquefied by heat, applied molten and forms a bond by cooling
and solidifying.
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Hygroscopic: The property of paper that makes it prone to
attracting water vapor from the atmosphere.
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Impregnation: The partial saturation of a material with another
substance.
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Incline Impact Damage Resistance: To determine a container's
structural ability to protect heavy contents, the filled container
is allowed to slide down an incline. Then the box's various faces
and edges strike a stop wall. The container and contents are inspected
for damage. Generally, the test is conducted on containers weighing
more than 100 lbs. (45 kg.) as an alternative to the drop rest.
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Inner Packing: Materials or parts used to support, position
or cushion an item within a shipping container, to support the corners
or top of the container, or to fill voids.
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Internal Bond/Fiber Bonding: Comparative evaluation of the
strength of the bond between containerboard fibers, particularly
in multiply sheets.
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Internal Tearing Resistance/ Elmenclorf Tear Test: The force
needed to continue tearing an internal cut in containerboard can
be used to determine its suitability for use in containers with
structural cuts such as windows, access holes or ventilation holes.
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Item 222: A rule in the National Motor Freight Classification
of the motor common carriers containing requirements for corrugated
and solid fiberboard boxes. Used for the specific rule, and sometimes
for the series of related rules designated Items 222, 2221, 2222,
2223, 2224, 2225 and 2226.
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Joint (Manufacturer's Joint): The part of the box where the
ends of the scored and slotted blank are fastened together by taping,
stitching or gluing.
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KnockedDown (KD) or KnockedDown Flat (KDF): Boxes in flat
form, either before or after the joint has been formed. An article
that is partially or entirely taken apart for packing and shipment.
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Kraft: Word of German origin meaning strength; designates
pulp, paper or paperboard produced from wood fibers by the sulfate
process. Natural kraft has a characteristic light brown appearance.
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Kraft, Fourdrinier: Containerboard, typically of multiply
formation (although sometimes with a single ply), made from kraft
pulp on a Fourdrinier machine.
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Label: A separate slip or sheet of paper affixed to a surface
for identification or description.
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Full Label: A printed sheet of paper laminated to and covering
the entire surface of the box blank. Usually used to add fine-screen,
fourcolor illustrations that cannot be achieved with direct printing
on the porous paperboard surface.
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Mailing or Shipping Label: A small label usually attached
by the box user to provide shipping instructions.
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Spot Label: A printed sheet covering a portion of the surface
of the box blank. May cover a portion of one panel, a full panel
or several panels of the box.
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UPC (Universal Product Code) Label: A small label, usually
printed in black ink on white paper, carrying a sharp image of the
contents' code. Used instead of direct printing of bar codes when
scanning equipment requires higher resolution.
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Labeler: Machine that applies labels, usually of the smaller
types (mailing, spot and UPC). (See also: Laminator and Paster).
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Laminator: A machine that adheres multiple plies of paper
or fiberboard. May be used to adhere full labels to a facing, or,
for enhanced structural properties, multiple facings, corrugating
mediums or sheets of combined board.
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Letterpress: A process of printing in which raised images
are coated with ink and pressed directly onto a paper or paperboard
surface.
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Liner: A creased fiberboard sheet inserted as a sleeve in
a container and covering all side walls. Used to provide extra stacking
strength or cushioning. Also used as short hand for "linerboard"
or "facing".
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Linerboard: Paperboard used for the flat outer facings of
combined corrugated fiberboard, and the outer plies of solid fiberboard.
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Linerboard, Full Bleached: Single or twolayer, uncoated linerboard
consisting of bleached fibers throughout.
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Linerboard, HighStrength/ Performance: Linerboard made with
increased refining, additional mechanical agitation of the pulp
on the Fourdrinier table and/or additional "wet pressing"
on the paper machine to increase strength and performance without
increasing weight.
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Linerboard, WetStrength: Linerboard that has been chemically
treated during manufacture to impart higher resistance to rupture
when saturated with water.
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Linerboard, White Recycled: A twolayer, uncoated linerboard.
The top layer is composed of recovered white office paper and the
bottom layer is unbleached fibers.
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Linerboard, Whitetop or Mottled: Twolayer, uncoated linerboard.
The top layer is composed of bleached fibers and the bottom layer
is unbleached fibers.
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Litho or Lithography: A printing process using a plate that
has been chemically treated so that the image to be printed is receptive
to ink, while blank areas repel ink. Used primarily for fine reproduction,
including labels for fiberboard boxes.
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Loose: Articles nor in a box, package or other container.
(See also: Bulk).
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Manufacturer's Joint: (See: Joint).
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Master Pack: A shipping container used to overwrap or contain
a number of individual containers.
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Medium: (See: Corrugating Medium).
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Medium, WetStrength: Medium that has been chemically treated
during manufacture to impart higher resistance to rupture when saturated
with water.
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Moisture Content: The level of moisture (usually expressed
as the percentage of moisture in the total sheet) in containerboard
affects such properties as printability, shrinkage, dimensional
stability (warp) and physical strength.
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Nested: When three or more different sizes of an article
are placed within the next larger size, or when three or more of
the same articles are placed one within the other so that each upper
article does not project above the next lower article by more than
onethird of its height.
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Nested Solid: When three or more of the same articles are
placed one within or upon the other so that the outer side surfaces
of the one above will be in contact with the inner surfaces of the
one below and so that each upper article will not project above
the next lower article by more than onefourth of an inch.
(Rates or classes provided for "nested" articles Will
not apply when articles of different name or material, whether
grouped in one description or shown separately, are nested or
placed one within the other).
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Numbered Package: A package authorized for use in the shipment
of specific articles, identified by an assigned number and described
in detail in special sections of the carrier classifications. (See
also: Package).
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Offset: A printing technique in which the inked image is
transferred from the plate to a clean cylinder, which in turn transfers
the image to the sheet of paper or paperboard. The term is usually
combined with the printing method, as in offset lithography.
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Overlap: A design feature wherein the top and/or bottom flaps
of a box do not butt, but extend one over the other. The amount
of overlap is measured from flap edge to flap edge.
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Package: A small to moderatesized container. Containers referred
to in the carrier classifications as fiberboard packages do not
necessarily comply with Item 222 or Rule 41. (See also: Numbered
Package).
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Pad: A corrugated or solid fiberboard sheer, or sheet of
other authorized material, used for extra protection or for separating
tiers or layers of articles when packed for shipment.
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Point: Term used to describe the thickness or caliper of
paperboard, where one point equals one thousandth of an inch.
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Palletizing: Securing and loading containers on pallets for
shipment as a single unit load, typically for handling by mechanical
equipment.
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Panel: A "face" or "side" of a box.
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Paperboard: One of the two major product categories of the
paper industry. Includes the broad classification of materials made
of cellulose fibers, primarily wood pulp and recycled paper stock,
on board machines. The major types are containerboard and boxboard.
(The other major product group of the paper industry is paper, including
printing and writing papers, packaging papers, newsprint and tissue).
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Partitions: A set of corrugated or solid fiberboard or chipboard
pieces that interlock when assembled to form a number of cells into
which articles may be placed for shipment.
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Paster: Machine that applies an adhesive to two or more plies
of paperboard and combines them into a single sheet of solid fiberboard.
(See also: Laminator)
Ply: Any of the several layers of linerboard or solid fiberboard.
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Point: Term used to describe the thickness or caliper or
paperboard, where one point equals one thousandth of an inch.
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Preprint: A web (roll) of linerboard that has been printed
and rewound prior to the manufacture of combined board. Use requires
special equipment on a corrugator to assure precise slit, score
and cutoff operations.
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PrinterSlotter: A machine that prints fiberboard sheets,
then scores and slots to complete the manufacture of box blanks.
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Pulp: The mixture of wood fibers obtained by chemical cooking
or by the mechanical treatment of wood consisting of cellulose with
varying amounts of other materials found in wood.
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Puncture Resistance: The puncture resistance of combined
board indicates the ability of the finished container to withstand
external and internal point pressure forces and to protect the product
during rough handling. This method is used on heavy double wall
and triple wall as an alternative to burst.
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Rail Rule 41 or Rule 41: A rule in the Uniform Freight Classification
of the rail carriers containing requirements for corrugated and
solid fiberboard boxes.
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Recyclable: Packaging materials that may be processed through
a number of treatments or changes in order to be reused.
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Reflectance: This is a measure of the amount of light reflected
from an illuminated surface. The typical light source is 670 nm.
Linerboard reflectance is an important factor in printed bar code
verification. Reflectance is related to, but different from, brightness.
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Regular Slotted Container (RSC): (See: Box Styles).
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Rotogravure: Rotogravure printing is the opposite of letterpress
printing in that the design areas are recessed into the plate instead
of being a relief. It is webfed and prints with thin, quickdrying
ink to produce multiple colors. It is infrequently used in corrugated
packaging.
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Score or Scoreline: An impression or crease in corrugated
or solid fiberboard, made to position and facilitate folds.
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Score Quality: Measuring the uniformity of scoreline bending
relates to the ability to form the container on automatic setup
and closure equipment.
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Scuff Resistance: Linerboard's ability to resist abrasion
in the shipping environment may affect external appearance.
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Sealing Strip: (See: Tape).
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Seam: The junction created by any free edge of a container
flap or panel where it abuts or rests on another portion of the
container and to which it may be fastened by tape, stitches or adhesive
in the process of closing the container. (See also Joint).
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SemiChemical or SemiChem: Generic term referring to one of
the manufacturing processes for pulping wood for making corrugating
medium.
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Setup Boxes: Boxes that have been squared, with one set of
end flaps sealed, ready to be filled with product. An article that
is packed for shipment in a fully assembled or erected form.
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Sheet: A rectangle of combined board, untrimmed or trimmed,
and sometimes scored across the corrugations when that operation
is done on the corrugator. Also, a rectangle of any of the component
layers of containerboard, or of paper or a web of paperboard as
it is being unwound from the roll.
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Shell: A sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard scored and
folded to form a joined or unjoined tube open at both ends. Used
as inner packing (See also: Tube).
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Shipping Container: A container that is sufficiently strong
to be used in commerce for packing, storing and transporting commodities.
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Silk Screen: Stenciltype printing method that involves forcing
ink or paint through a mesh of silk or other porous material that
has been prepared so as to block the imaging material in some areas.
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Sizing: The treatment of paper so that it is resistant to
moisture. Sizing material is applied to the surface or throughout
the material to fill pores which reduces absorption.
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Slide Resistance/Coefficient of Friction (Static): The ability
of containers to resist sliding in unit loads can be predicted from
the coefficient of friction of the combined board. A low coefficient
demonstrates a possibility of containers slipping from the load.
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Slip Sheet: A flat sheer of material used as a base upon
which goods and materials may be assembled, stored and transported.
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Slit: A cur made in a fiberboard sheet without removal of
material.
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SlitScore: A cut made in a fiberboard sheet extending through
only a portion of the thickness.
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Slot: A wide cut, or pair of closely spaced parallel cuts
including removal of a narrow strip of material made in a fiberboard
sheet, usually to form flaps and permit folding without bulges caused
by the thickness of the material. Common widths are 1/4 in. (6 mm)
and 1/8 in. (9 mm).
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Solid Fiberboard: A solid board made by laminating two or
more plies of containerboard.
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Standard Test Conditions: Atmospheric conditions of temperature
and humidity in which laboratories agree to conduct tests, eliminating
those variables in comparing results. (See also: Conditioning)
Standard and special conditions include:
Condition, Temperature and Relative Humidity
Standard
73 F +/- 2 F (23 C+/- 1C) 50% +/- 2.0%
High Humidity
73 F +/- 2 F (23 C +/- 1 C) 85% +/- 2.5%
Cold Storage
40 F +/- 2 F (4 C A: 1 C) 85% +/- 2.5%
Tropical
90 F +/- 27 (32 C+/- 1 C) 90% +/- 3.0%
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Stapler or Stitcher: Machine that seals the joint and/or
flaps of a box with metal staples or stitches.
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Staples or Stitches: Metal fasteners used to seal the joint
of a box or close the flaps. Staples are preformed, and the tines
are closed as they pierce the box. Stitches are machineformed using
wire drawn from a spool.
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Structural Design Performance: The American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) publishes a procedure (ASTM D 4169) to determine
how well a container will withstand its potential distribution environment.
The International Safe Transit Association (ISTA) sponsors similar
formal testing plans and a certification program.
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Substrate: The base material on which a substance (such as
ink, adhesive, coating) is applied.
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Surface Smoothness: The smoothness of the linerboard surface
may affect printing quality because slight depressions may not receive
complete ink coverage. Surface smoothness may also affect the coefficient
of friction, gloss and coating absorption.
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Tape: A narrow strip of cloth, paper or plastic sometimes
having a filler or reinforcement, coated on one side with an adhesive,
and used to seal the joint or flaps of a fiberboard box or to reinforce
a box.
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Taper: Machine that applies tape to the joint or flaps of
a fiberboard box.
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Tensile Strength: Tensile strength indicates the containerboard's
resistance to breaking when it is pulled into or through equipment
during the converting and printing processes.
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Test: Used alone, the word refers to the bursting strength
of linerboard or combined board, where that is the applicable measure
of strength. (See also: Test Procedures.) In Europe, test liner
is linerboard made from recycled materials.
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Test Procedures: Detailed descriptions of the methodology
agreed upon by recognized organizations.
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Tube: A sheet of combined board, scored and folded to a multisided
form with open ends. It may be an element of a box style or a unit
of interior packing that provides protection and compression strength.
(See also: Shell).
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U-Liner: A protective cushion, usually made from single wall
corrugated board, in the shape of the letter U.
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United Inches: Sum of the external dimensions of a box; i.e.,
length, width and depth.
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Unitized Load: A load of a number of articles or containers,
bound together by means of tension strapping, plastic shrink or
stretch films.
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Universal Product Code (UPC): A 10digit, numeric code that
uniquely distinguishes products.
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Vibration Damage Resistance: The shipping container's ability
to protect the contents from vibration damage is evaluated by subjecting
it to various types of motion (rotary, linear, sinusoidal or random
wave forms). Inspection helps identify any problems such as resonance
of the product or package or abrasion of the contents.
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Warp: Warp is a deviation from the original or true plane
of the surface. Excessive warp may cause crushing of the corrugated
medium during automated printing. Box blanks or sheets made from
warped board may jam or may nor feed properly in converting equipment
or from the hoppers of automatic packaging machinery. Also see the
warp tolerances described in Recommendations, Voluntary Standards
for RSCs, and Scored and Slotted Sheets.
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Water Absorption Resistance/Cobb Test: Water resistance is
indicated by the quantity of water absorbed by or through the outside
liner of combined board in a specified time. This test is required
for fiberboard boxes transporting hazardous materials under the
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations.
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Water Drop Penetration/ Float Curl: Comparative evaluation
of corrugated medium's water absorbency.
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Water Resistance: The ability of the container to resist
water absorption relates to its ability to retain its shape and
structural integrity during brief exposure to rain, condensation,
etc. The term water resistant does not imply waterproof.
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Water Vapor Transmission: The rate of water vapor transmission
through containerboard indicates the ability of the finished container
to protect its contents from undesirable effects of high humidity
or moisture loss of the product.
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Wax Blend Surface Coated: Combined board coated on one or
both sides with a hotmelt wax blend, typically applied with a curtain
coater.
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Wax Cascaded: Combined board that is treated by cascading
molten paraffin wax or wax blend over vertical box blanks so that
it seeps down the flutes as well as over the facings.
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Wax Dipped: Combined board impregnated by dipping it into
a hot paraffin wax or wax blend.
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Wax Impregnated: Combined board having one or more components
infused with a paraffintype wax or wax blend.
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Web: A continuous sheet of paperboard or paper.
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Weight of Facings: The sum of the weights per 1,000 square
feet of all facings of combined board, excluding the weight of corrugated
medium, corrugating adhesive and any coatings or impregnants. Usually
cited as the minimum combined weight of facings of combined board.
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Wraparound Blank: A scored and slotted sheet of corrugated
fiberboard that is formed into a box by folding it around its contents.
The user makes both the flap and joint closures.
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Wrapped in Fiberboard: Envelopment of the packaged item(s)
in corrugated or solid fiberboard, forming a package that does not
necessarily comply with the carrier classifications.
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